Futbal
Futbal (z anglického football, foot = noha, ball = lopta) je kolektívna loptová hra, ktorá je najpopulárnejším kolektívnym športom na svete.
Podľa prieskumu, usporiadaného v roku 2001 medzinárodnou futbalovou federáciou FIFA, hrá pravidelne futbal najmenej 240 miliónov ľudí vo viac ako 200 krajinách sveta. Dôvodom jeho popularity sú jednoduché pravidlá a minimálna náročnosť na vybavenie.
Okrem futbalu na zelených trávnikoch existujú aj ďalšie populárne mutácie tejto hry: halový futbal, minifutbal a iné.
Hracia plocha
Futbal sa hrá na hracej ploche v tvare obdĺžnika. Dĺžka musí byť v rozmedzí 80-120 m, šírka 45-90 m (pre medzinárodné stretnutie 100-110 x 64-75 m). Hracia plocha je vyznačená (zvyčajne bielymi) čiarami (max. šírka čiary - 12 cm). Hraničné čiary vymedzujú dlhšie okraje hracej plochy, kratšie sa nazývajú bránkové čiary. Hracia plocha je rozdelená na dve polovice stredovou čiarou. V jej strede je stredová značka, okolo ktorej je vyznačený stredový kruh. Ďalej sú na každej polovici hracej plochy pri príslušnej bránke vyznačené pokutové územia a menšie bránkové územie. Vo vnútri každého pokutového územia je vyznačená pokutová značka. Ďalej je v pokutovom území vyznačená časť kruhového oblúka so stredom v pokutovej značke a polomerom 9,15 m (10 yardov).
V každom rohu hracej plochy je na ohybnej tyči vysokej najmenej 1,5 m umiestnená zástavka. Rovnaké zástavky sa zvyčajne umiestňujú aj uprostred oboch hraničných čiar. Okolo každej rohovej zástavky na hracej ploche je vyznačený štvrťkruh. Na bránkových čiarach sa zvyčajne tiež krátkymi značkami vyznačí vzdialenosť 9,15 m od rohovej zástavky.
Uprostred obidvoch bránkových čiar sú bránky, tvorené dvoma zvislými bránkovými tyčami, ktoré sú spojené horizontálnym brvnom. Všetky tyče musia byť biele a majú šírku 12 cm, ktorá musí byť rovnaká ako šírka bránkovej čiary. Vnútorné rozmery bránky sú 7,32 x 2,44 m. Na bránke je sieť, upevnená k tyčiam a k zemi tak, aby lopta nemohla prejsť skrz ňu. Sieť je vypnutá dozadu tak, aby brankára neobmedzovala.
]Futbalová lopta:
Hrá sa guľatou loptou s obvodom medzi 68-70 cm a s hmotnosťou 410 - 450 g. Pri zápasoch na profesionálnej úrovni sa pripraví viacej lôpt, čím sa zmenšuje zdržovanie hry, spôsobené napríklad hľadaním stratenej lopty.
]Počet hráčov
Hrajú dve družstvá, v každom je maximálne 11 hráčov, z ktorých je jeden brankár. Ak počas hry klesne počet hráčov kvôli zraneniam alebo vylúčeniam pod 7 hráčov, je predčasne ukončená. Na striedanie má tréner k dispozícii ďalších hráčov. V priebehu hry môže vystriedať najviac 3 hráčov. V prípravných zápasoch sa môžu družstvá dohodnúť aj na striedaní viacerých hráčov (aby si tréneri mohli otestovať viacerých hráčov, prípadne viac štýlov hry). Počet náhradných hráčov, ktorých má tréner k dispozícii na lavičke, je často limitovaný – 3 až 5 hráčov.
]
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