Stolný tenis
Vývoj stolného tenisu je spätý s vývojom rakety. Používaním rôznych druhov rakety a poťahového materiálu rakety sa charakter a technika hry menili z pasívneho nenáročného halfvolejového spôsobu hry až na dnešný dynamický aktívny spôsob techniky topspinových drajvov a účinných rotácií loptičky.
Drevená raketa sa používala 1889 do prvého MS 1926 v Londýne, kde zvýťazil R.Jacobi z Maďarska. V hre prevládal halfvolej, pri kt. hráč zahrával loptičku bezprostredne po jej odskoku od stola, bez rotácie. Od tvrdej drevenej rakety sa loptička hlučne a pomerne rýchle odrážala a nebolo ho možné dostatočne usmerňovať. Pomerne rozšírená bola aj korková raketa.
Gumená raketa s gumovým vrúbkovaným poťahom sa používala 1926-1951. Vynálezcom poťahu s gumenými vrúbkami bol Angličan E.C.Good. Raketa umožňovala rotáciu loptičky, účinných úderov útočnej a obrannej techniky a podania (drajv, lift, smeč, čop, šlajz a ďal.). Raketa sa zdokonaľovala, hra bola rýchlejšia a dynamickejšia, pestrá, uplatňovali sa rôzne herné systémy a úderové kombinácie. V 30.rokoch nastal odklon od obrannej hry, útoční hráči sa málo presadzovali, používala sa vyčkávacia taktika. ITTF na kongrese 1928 v Štokholme rozhodla o zavedení jednotného počítania do 21 (u nás sa dovtedy počítali sety na gamy ako v tenise). Na kongrese ITTF 1937 v rakúskom Badene bolo schválené pravidlo o znížení sieťky zo 17,15 na 15,25 cm a zaviedol sa časový limit na 20 min. Tiež bolo zakázané používanie podania z prstov (fingerspin – rotácia dávaná prstami). Tieto zmeny pravidiel umožnili nástup útočnej techniky. V r. 1938-1951 dosiahla útočná i obranná hra vysokej úrovne všestrannosti i prispením čs. hráčov: Váňu, Andreadisa, Tokára, Marinka Štípka, niekoľkonásobných majstrov sveta v družstvách i jednotlivcov.
Špongiová raketa sa v stolnom tenise používala 1952 – 1959. Prišli s ňou Japonci na MS 1952 v Bombai. Majstrom sveta sa stal Japonec H.Satoh a i v ďalších rokoch boli Japonci v čele svet. stol. Tenisu. Špongiová raketa spôsobila niekt. problémy – loptičky boli často krát nekontrolovateľné, údery nepočuteľné, rotácie loptičky nepredvídateľné a tým aj reakcia hráčov veľmi sťažená. Rada členských asociácií ITTF požadovala zákaz špongiovej rakety. Raketa so špongiovým poťahom vyžadovala dokonalejšiu prípravu hráčov, najmä po stránke pohybovej a kondičnej. Hra Japoncov ceruzkovým držaním rakety bola rýchla, útočná a vyžadovala všestranný pohyb. prejav v celom hernom priestore, ich pohybové reakcie, pohyblivosť, herná odvaha a úderová istota podložená kvalitným podaním im prinášali športové úspechy na MS. Európski hráči s klasickým držaním rakety s gumeným poťahom boli síce všestrannejší v herných činnostiach, ale pohyb. pomalší. Najlepším svetovým hráčom 50.rokov bol I.Ogimura. Špongii vedel najlepšie čeliť vynikajúci svetový hráč F.Sidó, ale i Andreadis a Štípek. Špongiová raketa nebola zakázaná, ale na kongrese ITTF 1959 v Dortmunde bola podľa čs. návrhu štandardizovaná.
Raketa so sendvičovým a softovým poťahom, používaná 1959 – dodnes, modifikovaná kvalitou i účinnosťou poťahového materiálu v jednotlivých obdobiach. Nové druhy poťahov podľa schválenej štandardizácie s dobrými mechanickými vlastnosťami umožnili uplatniť v hre nové prvky útočnej i obrannej techniky hráča: ázijskú lobovanú obranu, topspin, rýchly topspin, rôzne varianty topspinových drajvov, podania kontratopspinov, blokingov a ďal. Predovšetkým hráči Japonska, Číny, J.Kórey ale aj Švédska, Maďarska, ČSSR, Nemecka, Francúzska, Belgicka, Juhoslávie, Holandska a niektorých iných obohatili herný prejav o moderné prvky úderov techniky, dynamický a nátlakový spôsob hry s veľkým pohybovým rozsahom, výbornou kondíciou, mrštnosťou, razantnosťou a taktickým myslením (Šurbek, Secretin, Orlowski, Jónyer, Klampár, Štipančič, Bengtsson a niektorí ďalší). Nové druhy poťahov umožnili väčšiu variabilnosť úderov, zvýšenie účinnosti podania, najmä z vasokého nadhodu. Topspinový spôsob hry uplatňovaný v strednej a blízkej zóne herného priestoru, nízke rýchle topspinové drajvy, topspinový halfvolej a istota aktívnych blokingov sú stratégiou, kt. zatlačila do pozadia obranných hráčov. Do popredia sa dostali mladí, herne a kondične vybavení hráči Európy, kt sa výkonnostne vyrovnali čínskym, kórejským a japonským hráčom (Waldner, Persson, Gatien, Saive, Rosskopf, Primorac, Samsonov a ďalší).
Špeciálne druhy poťahov softu, sendviču, trávy, antitopsinu i špeciálneho dreva zavedené v osemdesiatych rokoch i v súčasnosti sú účinnými zbraňami, kt. spočiatku priniesli moment prekvapenia, ale obohatili úderovú techniku obranných i útočných hráčov. Nový poťahový materiál umožňuje zvyšovanie rýchlosti hry, razancie úderov, účinnosť obojstrannej topspinovej techniky, blokingovej techniky, zvyšovanie úderovej istoty, variabilnosti podania a príjmu podania a ďal. Dynamickosť herného tempa, nátlakových topspinových drajvov po celý zápas. Tento náročný atletický a účinný herný spôsob s totálnym nasadením a psychickou odolnosťou vyžaduje vysokoobjemovú a intenzívnu prípravu hráča v modelovaných podmienkach. Nové druhy poťahov najmä firmy Butterfly, resp. niekt. ďal. dávajú predpoklad ďal. skvalitnenia herného spôsobu a zvyšovania výkonnosti hráča.
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